Background and Introduction Indonesia is situated in the Southeast Asian Region . In 2022, it was the largest economy amo ng Southeast Asian countries ( Inforum, 2022 ) . According to The World Bank, Indonesia has a GNI (Gross National Income) per capita between $4,516 and $14,005 in 2023 , which makes it one of the upper-middle-income countries ( Data, 2024 ) . To achieve its vision of becom ing a 7th-ranked global GDP (Gr oss Domestic Product) in 2045, it must become a high-income country by 2036 by accelerating the infrastructure and human capital gaps ( Bank, 2024 ) . Figure 1: The World Bank income groups are classified by GNI per capita ( Group, 2023 ) The industry, including construction, shares 27.2% of Indonesia’s GDP ( Oecd, 2021 ) . Similarly, Setiawan and Abduh (2023) argued that , specifically, the construction industry in Indonesia contributes 3-5% to GDP growth. In response, t he authorities target increasing investments in sever...
